精彩英语励志演讲稿

《WinstonChurchill'sIronCurtainSpeech》

WinstonChurchillpresentedhisSinewsofPeace,（theIronCurtainSpeech），atWestminsterCollegeinFulton,MissourionMarch五,一九四六,

PresidentMcCluer,ladiesandgentlemen,andlast,butcertainlynotleast,thePresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica:

IamverygladindeedtocometoWestminsterCollegethisafternoon,andIamcomplimentedthatyoushouldgivemeadegreefromaninstitutionwhosereputationhasbeensosolidlyestablished,Thename“Westminster”somehoworotherseemsfamiliartome,IfeelasifIhaveheardofitbefore,IndeednowthatIcometothinkofit,itwasatWestminsterthatIreceivedaverylargepartofmyeducationinpolitics,dialectic,rhetoric,andoneortwootherthings,Infactwehavebothbeeneducatedatthesame,orsimilar,or,atanyrate,kindredestablishments,

Itisalsoanhonor,ladiesandgentlemen,perhapsalmostunique,foraprivatevisitortobeintroducedtoanacademicaudiencebythePresidentoftheUnitedStates,Amidhisheavyburdens,duties,andresponsibilities--unsoughtbutnotrecoiledfrom--thePresidenthastraveledathousandmilestodignifyandmagnifyourmeetinghereto-dayandtogivemeanopportunityofaddressingthiskindrednation,aswellasmyowncountrymenacrosstheocean,andperhapssomeothercountriestoo,ThePresidenthastoldyouthatitishiswish,asIamsureitisyours,thatIshouldhavefulllibertytogivemytrueandfaithfulcounselintheseanxiousandbafflingtimes,Ishallcertainlyavailmyselfofthisfreedom,andfeelthemorerighttodosobecauseanyprivateambitionsImayhavecherishedinmyyoungerdayshavebeensatisfiedbeyondmywildestdreams,LetmehowevermakeitclearthatIhavenoofficialmissionorstatusofanykind,andthatIspeakonlyformyself,Thereisnothingherebutwhatyousee,

Icanthereforeallowmymind,withtheexperienceofalifetime,toplayovertheproblemswhichbesetusonthemorrowofourabsolutevictoryinarms,andtotrytomakesurewithwhatstrengthIhavethatwhathasgainedwithsomuchsacrificeandsufferingshallbepreservedforthefuturegloryandsafetyofmankind,

Ladiesandgentlemen,theUnitedStatesstandsatthistimeatthepinnacleofworldpower,ItisasolemnmomentfortheAmericanDemocracy,Forwithprimacyinpowerisalsojoinedanawe-inspiringaccountabilitytothefuture,Ifyoulookaroundyou,youmustfeelnotonlythesenseofdutydonebutalsoyoumustfeelanxietylestyoufallbelowthelevelofachievement,Opportunityishereandnow,clearandshiningforbothourcountries,Torejectitorignoreitorfritteritawaywillbringuponusallthelongreproachesoftheafter-time,Itisnecessarythattheconstancyofmind,persistencyofpurpose,andthegrandsimplicityofdecisionshallruleandguidetheconductoftheEnglish-speakingpeoplesinpeaceastheydidinwar,Wemust,andIbelieveweshall,proveourselvesequaltothissevererequirement,

PresidentMcCluer,whenAmericanmilitarymenapproachsomeserioussituationtheyarewonttowriteattheheadoftheirdirectivethewords“over-allstrategicconcept”,Thereiswisdominthis,asitleadstoclarityofthought,Whatthenistheover-allstrategicconceptwhichweshouldinscribeto-day?Itisnothinglessthanthesafetyandwelfare,thefreedomandprogress,ofallthehomesandfamiliesofallthemenandwomeninallthelands,AndhereIspeakparticularlyofthemyriadcottageorapartmenthomeswherethewage-earnerstrivesamidtheaccidentsanddifficultiesoflifetoguardhiswifeandchildrenfromprivationandbringthefamilyupthefearoftheLord,oruponethicalconceptionswhichoftenplaytheirpotentpart,

Togivesecuritytothesecountlesshomes,theymustbeshieldedformtwogauntmarauders,warandtyranny,Wealknowthefrightfuldisturbanceinwhichtheordinaryfamilyisplungedwhenthecurseofwarswoopsdownuponthebread-winnerandthoseforwhomheworksandcontrives,TheawfulruinofEurope,withallitsvanishedglories,andoflargepartsofAsiaglaresusintheeyes,WhenthedesignsofwickedmenortheaggressiveurgeofmightyStatesdissolveoverlargeareastheframeofcivilizedsociety,humblefolkareconfrontedwithdifficultieswithwhichtheycannotcope,Forthemisalldistorted,allisbroken,allisevengroundtopulp,

WhenIstandherethisquietafternoonIshuddertovisualizewhatisactuallyhappeningtomillionsnowandwhatisgoingtohappeninthisperiodwhenfaminestalkstheearth,Nonecancomputewhathasbeencalled“theunestimatedsumofhumanpain”,Oursupremetaskanddutyistoguardthehomesofthecommonpeoplefromthehorrorsandmiseriesofanotherwar,Weareallagreedonthat,

OurAmericanmilitarycolleagues,afterhavingproclaimedtheir“over-allstrategicconcept”andcomputedavailableresources,alwaysproceedtothenextstep--namely,themethod,Hereagainthereiswidespreadagreement,Aworldorganizationhasalreadybeenerectedfortheprimepurposeofpreventingwar,UNO,thesuccessoroftheLeagueofNations,withthedecisiveadditionoftheUnitedStatesandallthatthatmeans,isalreadyatwork,Wemustmakesurethatitsworkisfruitful,thatitisarealityandnotasham,thatitisaforceforaction,andnotmerelyafrothingofwords,thatitisatruetempleofpeaceinwhichtheshieldsofmanynationscansomedaybehungup,andnotmerelyacockpitinaTowerofBabel,Beforewecastawaythesolidassurancesofnationalarmamentsforself-preservationwemustbecertainthatourtempleisbuilt,notuponshiftingsandsorquagmires,butuponarock,Anyonecanseewithhiseyesopenthatourpathwillbedifficultandalsolong,butifweperseveretogetheraswedidinthetwoworldwars--thoughnot,alas,intheintervalbetweenthem--Icannotdoubtthatweshallachieveourcommonpurposeintheend,

Ihave,however,adefiniteandpracticalproposaltomakeforaction,Courtsandmagistratesmaybesetupbuttheycannotfunctionwithoutsheriffsandconstables,TheUnitedNationsOrganizationmustimmediatelybegintobeequippedwithaninternationalarmedforce,Insuchamatterwecanonlygostepbystep,butwemustbeginnow,IproposethateachofthePowersandStatesshouldbeinvitedtodedicateacertainnumberofairsquadronstotheserviceoftheworldorganization,Thesesquadronswouldbetrainedandpreparedintheirowncountries,butwouldmovearoundinrotationfromonecountrytoanother,Theywouldweartheuniformsoftheirowncountriesbutwithdifferentbadges,Theywouldnotberequiredtoactagainsttheirownnation,butinotherrespectstheywouldbedirectedbytheworldorganization,Thismightbestartedonamodestscaleanditwouldgrowasconfidencegrew,Iwishedtoseethisdoneafterthefirstworldwar,andIdevoutlytrustthatitmaybedoneforthwith,

Itwouldnevertheless,ladiesandgentlemen,bewrongandimprudenttoentrustthesecretknowledgeorexperienceoftheatomicbomb,whichtheUnitedStates,greatBritain,andCanadanowshare,totheworldorganization,whilestillinitsinfancy,Itwouldbecriminalmadnesstocastitadriftinthisstillagitatedandun-unitedworld,Noonecountryhassleptlesswellintheirbedsbecausethisknowledgeandthemethodandtherawmaterialstoapplyit,arepresentlargelyretainedinAmericanhands,IdonotbelieveweshouldallhavesleptsosoundlyhadthepositionsbeenreversedandsomeCommunistorneo-FacistStatemonopolizedforthetimebeingthesedreadagencies,Thefearofthemalonemighteasilyhavebeenusedtoenforcetotalitariansystemsuponthefreedemocraticworld,withconsequencesappallingtohumanimagination,Godhaswilledthatthisshallnotbeandwehaveatleastabreathingspacetosetourworldhouseinorderbeforethisperilhastobeencountered:andeventhen,ifnoeffortisspared,weshouldstillpossesssoformidableasuperiorityastoimposeeffectivedeterrentsuponitsemployment,orthreatofemployment,byothers,Ultimately,whentheessentialbrotherhoodofmanistrulyembodiedandexpressedinaworldorganizationwithallthenecessarypracticalsafeguardstomakeiteffective,thesepowerswouldnaturallybeconfidedtothatworldorganizations,

NowIcometothesecondofthetwomarauders,totheseconddangerwhichthreatensthecottagehomes,andtheordinarypeople--namely,tyranny,WecannotbeblindtothefactthatthelibertiesenjoyedbyindividualcitizensthroughouttheUnitedStatesandthroughouttheBritishEmpirearenotvalidinaconsiderablenumberofcountries,someofwhichareverypowerful,IntheseStatescontrolisenforceduponthecommonpeoplebyvariouskindsofall-embracingpolicegovernmentstoadegreewhichisoverwhelmingandcontrarytoeveryprincipleofdemocracy,ThepoweroftheStateisexercisedwithoutrestraint,eitherbydictatorsorbycompactoligarchiesoperatingthroughaprivilegedpartyandapoliticalpolice,Itisnotourdutyatthistimewhendifficultiesaresonumeroustointerfereforciblyintheinternalaffairsofcountrieswhichwehavenotconqueredinwar,butwemustneverceasetoproclaiminfearlesstonesthegreatprinciplesoffreedomandtherightsofmanwhicharethejointinheritanceoftheEnglish-speakingworldandwhichthroughMagnaCarta,theBillofrights,theHabeasCorpus,trialbyjury,andtheEnglishcommonlawfindtheirmostfamousexpressionintheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence,

Allthismeansthatthepeopleofanycountryhavetheright,andshouldhavethepowerbyconstitutionalaction,byfreeunfetteredelections,withsecretballot,tochooseorchangethecharacterorformofgovernmentunderwhichtheydwell;thatfreedomofspeechandthoughtshouldreign;thatcourtsofjustice,independentoftheexecutive,unbiasedbyanyparty,shouldadministerlawswhichhavereceivedthebroadassentoflargemajoritiesorareconsecratedbytimeandcustom,Herearethetitledeedsoffreedomwhichshouldlieineverycottagehome,HereisthemessageoftheBritishandAmericanpeoplestomankind,Letuspreachwhatwepractice--letuspracticewhatwepreach,

thoughIhavenowstatedthetwogreatdangerswhichmenacethehomeofthepeople,WarandTyranny,Ihavenotyetspokenofpovertyandprivationwhichareinmanycasestheprevailinganxiety,Butifthedangersofwarandtyrannyareremoved,thereisnodoubtthatscienceandcooperationcanbringinthenextfewyears,certainlyinthenextfewdecades,totheworld,newlytaughtinthesharpeningschoolofwar,anexpansionofmaterialwell-beingbeyondanythingthathasyetoccurredinhumanexperience,

Now,atthissadandbreathlessmoment,weareplungedinthehungeranddistresswhicharetheaftermathofourstupendousstruggle;butthiswillpassandmaypassquickly,andthereisnoreasonexcepthumanfollyorsub-humancrimewhichshoulddenytoallthenationstheinaugurationandenjoymentofanageofplenty,IhaveoftenusedwordswhichIlearnfiftyyearsagofromagreatIrish-Americanorator,afriendofmine,Mr,BourkeCockran,“Thereisenoughforall,Theearthisagenerousmother;shewillprovideinplentifulabundancefoodforallherchildreniftheywillbutcultivatehersoilinjusticeandpeace,”SofarIfeelthatweareinfullagreement,

Now,whilestillpursingthemethod--themethodofrealizingourover-allstrategicconcept,IcometothecruxofwhatIhavetraveledheretosay,Neitherthesurepreventionofwar,northecontinuousriseofworldorganizationwillbegainedwithoutwhatIhavecalledthefraternalassociationoftheEnglish-speakingpeoples,ThismeansaspecialrelationshipbetweentheBritishCommonwealthandEmpireandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,Ladiesandgentlemen,thisisnotimeforgenerality,andIwillventuretotheprecise,Fraternalassociationrequiresnotonlythegrowingfriendshipandmutualunderstandingbetweenourtwovastbutkindredsystemsofsociety,butthecontinuanceoftheintimaterelationsbetweenourmilitaryadvisers,leadingtocommonstudyofpotentialdangers,thesimilarityofweaponsandmanualsofinstructions,andtotheinterchangeofofficersandcadetsattechnicalcolleges,ItshouldcarrywithitthecontinuanceofthepresentfacilitiesformutualsecuritybythejointuseofallNavalandAirForcebasesinthepossessionofeithercountryallovertheworld,ThiswouldperhapsdoublethemobilityoftheAmericanNavyandAirForce,ItwouldgreatlyexpandthatoftheBritishEmpireforcesanditmightwelllead,ifandastheworldcalmsdown,toimportantfinancialsavings,Alreadyweusetogetheralargenumberofislands;moremaywellbeentrustedtoourjointcareinthenearfuture,

theUnitedStateshasalreadyaPermanentDefenseAgreementwiththeDominionofCanada,whichissodevotedlyattachedtotheBritishCommonwealthandtheEmpire,ThisAgreementismoreeffectivethanmanyofthosewhichhavebeenmadeunderformalalliances,ThisprincipleshouldbeextendedtoalltheBritishCommonwealthswithfullreciprocity,Thus,whateverhappens,andthusonly,shallwebesecureourselvesandabletoworkstogetherforthehighandsimplecausesthataredeartousandbodenoilltoany,Eventuallytheremaycome--Ifeeleventuallytherewillcome--theprincipleofcommoncitizenship,butthatwemaybecontenttoleavetodestiny,whoseoutstretchedarmmanyofuscanalreadyclearlysee,

Thereishoweveranimportantquestionwemustaskourselves,WouldaspecialrelationshipbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheBritishCommonwealthbeinconsistentwithourover-ridingloyaltiestotheWorldOrganization?Ireplythat,onthecontrary,itisprobablytheonlymeansbywhichthatorganizationwillachieveitsfullstatureandstrength,TherearealreadythespecialUnitedStatesrelationswithCanadathatIhavejustmentioned,andtherearetherelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSouthAmericanRepublics,WeBritishhavealsoourtwentyyearsTreatyofCollaborationandMutualAssistancewithSovietRussia,IagreewithMr,Bevin,theForeignSecretaryofGreatBritain,thatitmightwellbeafiftyyearstreatysofarasweareconcerned,WeaimatnothingbutmutualassistanceandcollaborationwithRussia,TheBritishhaveanalliancewithPortugalunbrokensincetheyear一三八四,andwhichproducedfruitfulresultsatacriticalmomentintherecentwar,Noneoftheseclashwiththegeneralinterestofaworldagreement,oraworldorganization;onthecontrary,theyhelpit,“Inmyfather'shousearemanymansions,”SpecialassociationsbetweenmembersoftheUnitedNationswhichhavenoaggressivepointagainstanyothercountry,whichharbornodesignincompatiblewiththeCharteroftheUnitedNations,farfrombeingharmful,arebeneficialand,asIbelieve,indispensable,

Ispokeearlier,ladiesandgentlemen,oftheTempleofPeace,Workmenfromallcountriesmustbuildthattemple,Iftwooftheworkmenknoweachotherparticularlywellandareoldfriends,iftheirfamiliesareintermingled,iftheyhave“faithineachother'spurpose,hopeineachother'sfutureandcharitytowardseachother'sshortcomings”--toquotesomegoodwordsIreadheretheotherday--whycannottheyworktogetheratthecommontaskasfriendsandpartners?Whycantheynotsharetheirtoolsandthusincreaseeachother'sworkingpowers?Indeedtheymustdosoorelsethetemplemaynotbebuilt,or,beingbuilt,itmaycollapse,andweshouldallbeprovedagainunteachableandhavetogoandtrytolearnagainforathirdtimeinaschoolofwarincomparablymorerigorousthanthatfromwhichwehavejustbeenreleased,Thedarkagesmayreturn,theStoneAgemayreturnonthegleamingwingsofscience,andwhatmightnowshowerimmeasurablematerialblessingsuponmankind,mayevenbringaboutitstotaldestruction,Beware,Isay;timemaybeshort,Donotletustakethecourseofallowingeventstodriftalonguntilitistoolate,IfthereistobeafraternalassociationofthekindofIhavedescribed,withallthestrengthandsecuritywhichbothourcountriescanderivefromit,letusmakesurethatthatgreatfactisknowntotheworld,andthatitplaysitspartinsteadyingandstabilizingthefoundationsofpeace,Thereisthepathofwisdom,Preventionisbetterthanthecure,

AshadowhasfallenuponthescenessolatelylightbytheAlliedvictory,NobodyknowswhatSovietRussiaanditsCommunistinternationalorganizationintendstodointheimmediatefuture,orwhatarethelimits,ifany,totheirexpansiveandproselytizingtendencies,IhaveastrongadmirationandregardforthevaliantRussianpeopleandformywartimecomrade,MarshallStalin,ThereisdeepsympathyandgoodwillinBritain--andIdoubtnotherealso--towardsthepeoplesofalltheRussiasandaresolvetoperseverethroughmanydifferencesandrebuffsinestablishinglastingfriendships,WeunderstandtheRussianneedtobesecureonherwesternfrontiersbytheremovalofallpossibilityofGermanaggression,WewelcomeRussiatoherrightfulplaceamongtheleadingnationsoftheworld,Wewelcomeherflagupontheseas,Aboveall,wewelcome,orshouldwelcome,constant,frequentandgrowingcontactsbetweentheRussianpeopleandourownpeopleonbothsidesoftheAtlantic,Itismydutyhowever,forIamsureyouwouldwishmetostatethefactsasIseethemtoyou,ItismydutytoplacebeforeyoucertainfactsaboutthepresentpositioninEurope,

FromStettinintheBaltictoTriesteintheAdriaticanironcurtainhasdescendedacrosstheContinent,BehindthatlinelieallthecapitalsoftheancientstatesofCentralandEasternEurope,Warsaw,Berlin,Prague,Vienna,Budapest,Belgrade,BucharestandSofia,allthesefamouscitiesandthepopulationsaroundthemlieinwhatImustcalltheSovietsphere,andallaresubjectinoneformoranother,notonlytoSovietinfluencebuttoaveryhighand,insomecases,increasingmeasureofcontrolfromMoscow,Athensalone--Greecewithitsimmortalglories--isfreetodecideitsfutureatanelectionunderBritish,AmericanandFrenchobservation,TheRussian-dominatedPolishGovernmenthasbeenencouragedtomakeenormousandwrongfulinroadsuponGermany,andmassexpulsionsofmillionsofGermansonascalegrievousandundreamed-ofarenowtakingplace,TheCommunistparties,whichwereverysmallinalltheseEasternStatesofEurope,havebeenraisedtopre-eminenceandpowerfarbeyondtheirnumbersandareseekingeverywheretoobtaintotalitariancontrol,Policegovernmentsareprevailinginnearlyeverycase,andsofar,exceptinCzechoslovakia,thereisnotruedemocracy,

TurkeyandPersiaarebothprofoundlyalarmedanddisturbedattheclaimswhicharebeingmadeuponthemandatthepressurebeingexertedbytheMoscowGovernment,AnattemptisbeingmadebytheRussiansinBerlintobuildupaquasi-CommunistpartyintheirzoneofoccupiedGermanybyshowingspecialfavorstogroupsofleft-wingGermanleaders,AttheendofthefightinglastJune,theAmericanandBritishArmieswithdrewwestward,inaccordancewithanearlieragreement,toadepthatsomepointsof一五零milesuponafrontofnearlyfourhundredmiles,inordertoallowourRussianalliestooccupythisvastexpanseofterritorywhichtheWesternDemocracieshadconquered,

IfnotheSovietGovernmenttries,byseparateaction,tobuildupapro-CommunistGermanyintheirareas,thiswillcausenewseriousdifficultiesintheAmericanandBritishzones,andwillgivethedefeatedGermansthepowerofputtingthemselvesuptoauctionbetweentheSovietsandtheWesternDemocracies,Whateverconclusionsmaybedrawnfromthesefacts--andfactstheyare--thisiscertainlynottheLiberatedEuropewefoughttobuildup,Norisitonewhichcontainstheessentialsofpermanentpeace,

Thesafetyoftheworld,ladiesandgentlemen,requiresanewunityinEurope,fromwhichnonationshouldbepermanentlyoutcast,ItisfromthequarrelsofthestrongparentracesinEuropethattheworldwarswehavewitnessed,orwhichoccurredinformertimes,havesprung,TwiceinourownlifetimewehaveseentheUnitedStates,againsttheirwishedandtheirtraditions,againstarguments,theforceofwhichitisimpossiblenottocomprehend,twicewehaveseenthemdrawnbyirresistibleforces,intothesewarsintimetosecurethevictoryofthegoodcause,butonlyafterfrightfulslaughteranddevastationhaveoccurred,TwicetheUnitedStatehashadtosendseveralmillionsofitsyoungmenacrosstheAtlantictofindthewar;butnowwarcanfindanynation,whereveritmaydwellbetweenduskanddawn,SurelyweshouldworkwithconsciouspurposeforagrandpacificationofEurope,withinthestructureoftheUnitedNationsandinaccordancewithourCharter,ThatIfeelopensacourseofpolicyofverygreatimportance,

InfrontoftheironcurtainwhichliesacrossEuropeareothercausesforanxiety,InItalytheCommunistPartyisseriouslyhamperedbyhavingtosupporttheCommunist-trainedMarshalTito'sclaimstoformerItalianterritoryattheheadoftheAdriatic,NeverthelessthefutureofItalyhangsinthebalance,AgainonecannotimaginearegeneratedEuropewithoutastrongFrance,AllmypubliclifeIneverlastfaithinherdestiny,eveninthedarkesthours,Iwillnotlosefaithnow,However,inagreatnumberofcountries,farfromtheRussianfrontiersandthroughouttheworld,CommunistfifthcolumnsareestablishedandworkincompleteunityandabsoluteobediencetothedirectionstheyreceivefromtheCommunistcenter,ExceptintheBritishCommonwealthandintheUnitedStateswhereCommunismisinitsinfancy,theCommunistpartiesorfifthcolumnsconstituteagrowingchallengeandperiltoChristiancivilization,Thesearesomberfactsforanyonetohavereciteonthemorrowavictorygainedbysomuchsplendidcomradeshipinarmsandinthecauseoffreedomanddemocracy;butweshouldbemostunwisenottofacethemsquarelywhiletimeremains,

TheoutlookisalsoanxiousintheFarEastandespeciallyinManchuria,TheAgreementwhichwasmadeatYalta,towhichIwasaparty,wasextremelyfavorabletoSovietRussia,butitwasmadeatatimewhennoonecouldsaythattheGermanwarmightnoextendallthroughthesummerandautumnof一九四五andwhentheJapanesewarwasexpectedbythebestjudgestolastforafurther一八monthsfromtheendoftheGermanwar,Inthiscountryyouallsowell-informedabouttheFarEast,andsuchdevotedfriendsofChina,thatIdonotneedtoexpatiateonthesituationthere,

Ihave,however,feltboundtoportraytheshadowwhich,alikeinthewestandintheeast,fallsupontheworld,IwasaministeratthetimeoftheVersaillestreatyandaclosefriendofMr,Lloyd-George,whowastheheadoftheBritishdelegationatVersailles,Ididnotmyselfagreewithmanythingsthatweredone,butIhaveaverystrongimpressioninmymindofthatsituation,andIfinditpainfultocontrastitwiththatwhichprevailsnow,InthosedaystherewerehighhopesandunboundedconfidencethatthewarswereoverandthattheLeagueofNationswouldbecomeall-powerful,Idonotseeorfeelthatsameconfidenceoreventhesamehopesinthehaggardworldatthepresenttime,

Ontheotherhand,ladiesandgentlemen,Irepulsetheideathatanewwarisinevitable;stillmorethatitisimminent,ItisbecauseIamsurethatourfortunesarestillinourownhandsandthatweholdthepowertosavethefuture,thatIfeelthedutytospeakoutnowthatIhavetheoccasionandtheopportunitytodoso,IdonotbelievethatSovietRussiadesireswar,Whattheydesireisthefruitsofwarandtheindefiniteexpansionoftheirpoweranddoctrines,Butwhatwehavetoconsiderheretodaywhiletimeremains,isthepermanentpreventionofwarandtheestablishmentofconditionsoffreedomanddemocracyasrapidlyaspossibleinallcountries,Ourdifficultiesanddangerswillnotberemovedbyclosingoureyestothem,Theywillnotberemovedbymerewaitingtoseewhathappens;norwilltheyberemovedbyapolicyofappeasement,Whatisneededisasettlement,andthelongerthisisdelayed,themoredifficultitwillbeandthegreaterourdangerswillbecome,

FromwhatIhaveseenofourRussianfriendsandAlliesduringthewar,Iamconvincedthatthereisnothingforwhichtheyhavelessrespectthanforweakness,especiallymilitaryweakness,Forthatreasontheolddoctrineofabalanceofpowerisunsound,Wecannotafford,ifwecanhelpit,toworkonnarrowmargins,offeringtemptationstoatrialofstrength,IftheWesternDemocraciesstandtogetherinstrictadherencetotheprincipleswillbeimmenseandnooneislikelytomolestthem,Ifhowevertheybecomedividedoffalterintheirdutyandiftheseall-importantyearsareallowedtoslipawaythenindeedcatastrophemayoverwhelmusall,

LasttimeIsawitallcomingandIcriedaloudtomyownfellow-countrymenandtotheworld,butnoonepaidanyattention,Uptilltheyear一九三三oreven一九三五,GermanymighthavebeensavedfromtheawfulfatewhichhasovertakenhereandwemightallhavebeensparedthemiseriesHitlerletlooseuponmankind,thereneverwasawarinhistoryeasiertopreventbytimelyactionthantheonewhichhasjustdesolatedsuchgreatareasoftheglobe,Itcouldhavebeenpreventedinmybeliefwithoutthefiringofasingleshot,andGermanymightbepowerful,prosperousandhonoredtoday;butnoonewouldlistenandonebyonewewereallsuckedintotheawfulwhirlpool,Wesurely,ladiesandgentlemen,Iputittoyou,surely,wemustnotletithappenagain,Thiscanonlybeachievedbyreachingnow,in一九四六,byreachingagoodunderstandingonallpointswithRussiaunderthegeneralauthorityoftheUnitedNationsOrganizationandbythemaintenanceofthatgoodunderstandingthroughmanypeacefulyears,bythewholestrengthoftheEnglish-speakingworldandallitsconnections,ThereisthesolutionwhichIrespectfullyoffertoyouinthisAddresstowhichIhavegiventhetitle,“TheSinewsofPeace”,

LetnomanunderratetheabidingpoweroftheBritishEmpireandCommonwealth,Becauseyouseethe四六millionsinourislandharassedabouttheirfoodsupply,ofwhichtheyonlygrowonehalf,eveninwar-time,orbecausewehavedifficultyinrestartingourindustriesandexporttradeaftersixyearsofpassionatewareffort,donotsupposeweshallnotcomethroughthesedarkyearsofprivationaswehavecomethroughthegloriousyearsofagony,Donotsupposethathalfacenturyfromnowyouwillnotsee七零or八零millionsofBritonsspreadabouttheworldunitedindefenseofourtraditions,andourwayoflife,andoftheworldcauseswhichyouandweespouse,IfthepopulationoftheEnglish-speakingCommonwealthsbeaddedtothatoftheUnitedStateswithallthatsuchco-operationimpliesintheair,onthesea,allovertheglobeandinscienceandinindustry,andinmoralforce,therewillbenoquivering,precariousbalanceofpowertoofferitstemptationtoambitionoradventure,Onthecontrarytherewillbeanoverwhelmingassuranceofsecurity,IfweadherefaithfullytotheCharteroftheUnitedNationsandwalkforwardinsedateandsoberstrengthseekingnoone'slandortreasure,seekingtolaynoarbitrarycontroluponthethoughtsofmen;ifallBritishmoralandmaterialforcesandconvictionsarejoinedwithyourowninfraternalassociation,thehighroadsofthefuturewillbeclear,notonlyforourtime,butforacenturytocome,